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Ford Madox FordA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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Christopher Tietjens and Vincent Macmaster are riding in a train in 1912. Christopher is a near genius with encyclopedic knowledge. Macmaster is a literary critic. Both English gentlemen, they and others who belong to their class run the country. Christopher is of a great family, the Tietjenses of Groby, from Yorkshire. Macmaster, Christopher’s protégé, is the son of a Scottish grocer. Both work in the Imperial Department of Statistics in London. Sylvia, Christopher’s wife, has run off with another man. As a cover, Sylvia’s mother, who is very fond of Christopher, has gone to a spa in Lobscheid, Germany, explaining that Sylvia will meet her there. Macmaster does not think highly of Sylvia; he feels Christopher should divorce her. However, Sylvia has recently sent Christopher a letter, informing him she wants to come back. Christopher and Macmaster have a lengthy discussion about social morals. Christopher says, “I stand for monogamy. And for no talking about it” 18). When they arrive at the station, they are met by General Campion. He suggests they play a round of golf later. Macmaster remains behind while Christopher goes on to Rye.
Sylvia Tietjens’s mother, Mrs. Satterthwaite, is at the spa in Lobscheid, Germany. With her is an Irish Catholic priest, Father Consett, who feels ill at ease in the German forest. Having recently arrived, Sylvia walks in while Father Consett and her mother are in conversation. The conversation quickly becomes a discussion about Sylvia’s evil ways. He likens her to Astarte Syriaca, a representation of the goddess Venus, and contrasts her with the Biblical Eve. Sylvia openly admits her hatred for her husband. She wishes she could be with a new man every week. Father Consett places several hypothetical situations before her to show how that would not make her any happier. Sylvia resents her station in life. She has made up her mind to settle down and be a virtuous wife: “And I’ll be bored stiff for the rest of my life. Except for one thing. I can torment that man. And I’ll do it” (41). Father Consett continues to show Sylvia the error of her ways, but to no avail, because Sylvia goads him at every turn. Father Consett threatens to sprinkle her with holy water as one would a devil. This stops Sylvia, and she retires for the evening.
Macmaster visits Christopher in his room. Christopher is awaiting a reply telegram from Sylvia. He sent her his conditions for her return to his house. Christopher mentions having spoken with Mr. Waterhouse about certain figures he and Macmaster were working on. Macmaster is alarmed. He knows that Christopher dislikes the project and that he can be proud and rude when speaking with others. Mr. Waterhouse is an important minister in the government.
Christopher also mentions that a woman they saw earlier was Valentine Wannop. Macmaster then thinks back over his day: He met with a certain woman, Mrs. Duchemin, the wife of a wealthy Anglican rector. He thinks that Mrs. Duchemin would be perfect for Christopher. Macmaster wishes to rise through the social ranks with Christopher’s help, and a proper wife would be helpful. They were invited for breakfast the next day. He then remembers speaking with General Campion, who has a very different opinion of Sylvia; he worships Sylvia. Later at the Club, Macmaster recalls sitting with the General, Christopher, and Mr. Sandbach, the General’s brother-in-law. There were two men making licentious comments for all to hear. It took a while, but the General eventually spoke to the two men and told them to desist or risk eviction from the club. Mr. Waterhouse, a powerful figure in business and politics, came over to thank the General for standing up to the two men. He also thanked Christopher for his figures, which aggravated Christopher because those numbers were faked for political ends, and he did not want any credit for them. The men leave for a round of golf.
While golfing, Christopher and Mr. Sandbach are behind the General and Macmaster. Macmaster is an excellent golfer. Christopher abhors the sport, and Sandbach does not think much of it either. It is the one thing they have in common; otherwise, the two men despise one another. Mr. Sandbach is off looking for his ball when a woman screams. She needs help for her friend, whose name is Valentine. Christopher sees the two men from earlier chasing her and runs to aid Valentine. He stops the two men with threats. A large and strong man, Christopher even stops the policeman by accidentally tripping him when he goes to arrest the fleeing women. They are suffragettes and were protesting nearby, which is illegal. Mr. Waterhouse admires the women’s spirit.
Later, in the clubhouse, the General, who is Christopher’s godfather, speaks to him about Sylvia. She has been spreading rumors about Christopher with other women. The General wants to know if Christopher knows the women from earlier and if he has something to do with the protesting. Christopher denies the allegations. Afterwards, Christopher spends the evening with Mr. Waterhouse and tells him about his other figures.
Valentine Wannop is with Mrs. Duchemin at her home. Mrs. Duchemin provides shelter for Valentine and the other suffragette. They fear the police are searching for them. The breakfast guests arrive. Valentine recognizes Christopher and fears he will rat on her, but he does not. Rather, he speaks with her briefly and finds her very interesting. At the end of their conversation, he thinks to himself. “By Jove, it’s true! What a jolly little mistress she’d make” (88). Christopher does not think much of Mrs. Duchemin, and the feeling is mutual. However, Mrs. Duchemin really likes Macmaster.
Mrs. Wannop, Valentine’s mother, arrives. A renowned author, she is promoting her new novel. She recognizes Christopher’s last name, having known his father. He had saved her after her husband’s death, providing for her so she could continue writing. Christopher never knew that about his father. Mr. Duchemin arrives to the horror of his wife. Mr. Duchemin has a mental health condition and makes vulgar comments, many of them in Latin. The guests behave as if he had not said anything: “To Tietjens that seemed the highest achievement and justification of English manners” (100). However, Macmaster knows how to handle the situation and comes to Mrs. Duchemin’s rescue, convincing the rector’s groom to quietly remove Mr. Duchemin from the table. Breakfast soon ends, and the guests leave. Mrs. Duchemin and Macmaster speak together alone. They kiss and arrange to meet again at dusk.
Christopher and Valentine are out walking. He wants to get off the main road, fearing someone might see them together. Valentine thinks it is because he knows the police are after her, but Christopher is merely worried about the rumors Sylvia has been spreading. They are startled to hear a coach behind them. It is driven by Mrs. Wannop, and she has lost control. Christopher, who is very good with horses, intercedes and regains control. Mrs. Wannop thanks him and rides off.
As they continue their walk. Valentine comments that Christopher is becoming their family mascot, much like his father before him. They discuss English gentlemanliness and feminist politics. Valentine laments the plight of working English women under the current political and social system. Having worked as a maid for a wealthy family before, she knows the struggles these women face.
Later, Christopher has lunch with Valentine and her mother. He speaks with Mrs. Wannop while Valentine cleans up. He reveals that there are rumors surrounding he and Valentine, but Mrs. Wannop is not worried about them. Valentine brings Christopher a message from Sylvia, thinking it is for her mother. It is written in a strange code. Christopher reflects how he will soon go back with his wife and “…to Hell! Certainly it was Hell” (121). Mrs. Wannop invites Christopher to stay the night with them.
Christopher and Valentine are in a carriage together. They just dropped off Valentine’s friend, Gertie, at her hideaway. Christopher sings a military tune. He considered an army career, but his father was against it. Moreover, a bureaucratic job is very attractive. His brother Mark was said to be indispensable for the Department of Transport. While riding back, Valentine and Christopher engage in an intellectual conversation. Valentine is a very good Latinist, an expert specializing in the Latin language.
During the lulls in their talks, Christopher thinks of various topics and his growing interest in Valentine. Valentine climbs down from the carriage to see if she can find a road sign because they are not certain where they are. Christopher feels a desire to kiss her when she climbs back in the carriage. They go on and are nearly run over by a speeding automobile driven by the General, who stops the car. Christopher is angry, and the horse is bleeding profusely. He claims the General did not sound his horn. Christopher patches up the horse as best he can. The General leaves but promises to send the veterinarian. He also sends a car to take Valentine home. Christopher waits for the vet to arrive.
In Chapter 1, the tone is set and the main character, Christopher Tietjens, is established. Christopher comes off as an overly prideful English gentlemen who is immovable in his worldview and opinions, regardless of their inherent contradictions. This is best illustrated with the quote from Page 18: “I stand for monogamy and chastity. And for no talking about it. Of course if a man who’s a man wants to have a woman he has her. And again, no talking about it.” The paradox lies in the idea of monogamy and that men may take any women they want, if they are true men. However, as is the case with Christopher, another man takes his wife and goes to France with her, thus negating the notion of monogamy and chastity. Moreover, as will be revealed in the last book, Christopher will break with chastity when he begins his life with Valentine. He will maintain his hold on monogamy, as he is never with more than one woman, but chastity is thrown out the window because of other conflicting morals, namely his belief that a man does not divorce a woman, and Sylvia will not divorce him due to her Catholicism. The idea of monogamy and chastity do not extend solely to him and the women around him. The reader is primed to notice the behavior of other primary and secondary characters throughout the novel and their beliefs and actions regarding these two terms. When it comes to the second aspect of Christopher’s statement, the pledge of reticence, Christopher does not break from it, which will be to his detriment. Sylvia has no such inclinations to keep quiet about things, and her rumormongering, particularly regarding Christopher’s sexual behavior, will cause him so many problems with others near to him—including his godfather General Campion.
At the end of Chapter 1, the title of the novel is mentioned when Vincent Macmaster quotes from a poem. Interestingly, the poem is one of Ford Madox Ford’s own works. It is from Mister Bosphorus and the Muses. Essentially, the meaning of the poem is that some lie, cheat, steal, and fornicate, while others do not. As the book progresses, the reader will discover who does and who does not. The easy answer is that Christopher and Valentine do not—there are a few others, of course, including Mrs. Wannop and Mark Tietjens—however, nearly everyone else does.
In Chapter 2, Sylvia Tietjens is introduced along with all her negative characteristics. It is no coincidence that she meets her mother and her confessor, Father Consett, at a place called Lobscheid in Germany. Symbolically, Germany represents the future enemy nation when war breaks out in 1914. Therefore, this also marks Sylvia as the enemy and novel’s primary antagonist. Furthermore, because his wife refused to divorce him after he left her for another woman, Ford sought to become a German citizen to obtain a divorce there. The plan did not work, but one can see the similarities between his life and Christopher and Sylvia’s marital problems. It is also no coincidence that Ford used the name Lobscheid. The name can be translated, as Ford most likely intended it to be, as Praise-Separation, from the German word, Lob, meaning praise, and the verb, scheiden, to separate. The name thus hints at an argument found throughout the novel: Divorce can be the best course of action for a marriage that no longer functions.
Aside from the symbolism of the setting, Father Consett compares Sylvia to Astarte Syriaca. This reference involves several layers as well. First, Astarte Syriaca refers to the Roman goddess, Venus. Furthermore, the name refers to a painting and poem by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, an artist of the pre-Raphaelite school. The painting and poem epitomize and deify the sexual prowess of the beautiful. The comparison Father Consett draws delineates Sylvia’s duality. On one hand, she is a believing Catholic, but on the other, she is a type of succubus. This duality is best illustrated through Father Consett’s threat to sprinkle Sylvia with holy water after she threatens to corrupt her son to torment Christopher.
Chapter 3 illustrates the loosening standards of sexual mores in Edwardian Britain by introducing General Campion’s antithetical opinion of Sylvia in comparison to Macmaster’s. For General Campion, Sylvia is the paragon of female virtue and beauty. He tells Macmaster that if there truly is something wrong in Sylvia’s marriage, then the fault must lie with Christopher. The General’s opinion highlights one of Sylvia’s greatest strengths and weapons: her physical beauty, which she uses to manipulate men into giving her what she wants. The argument of moral decay through sex emerges through secondary characters as well. Some characters pursue marriage solely to solidly their place in a social hierarchy. In this chapter, Macmaster meets Edith Ethel Duchemin. She is the wife of an older rector with a mental health condition, whose profane outbursts embarrass her. Upon meeting her, Macmaster imagines how perfect she would be for Christopher as a wife. What’s more, it would be easier for him to ride Christopher’s coattails to success with Edith Ethel at Christopher’s side. It is no coincidence that Macmaster and Edith Ethel become lovers, given that social status is supremely important to both.
In Chapter 4, General Campion compares Christopher’s behavior—namely, his insubordination, to that of Alfred Dreyfus, who was infamous for the so-called “Dreyfus Affair.” In the late 19th century, Dreyfus was a Jewish captain in the French army, at a time when antisemitism was rampant in Europe. He was accused of giving the Germans French military secrets, convicted of treason, and sentenced to life imprisonment. However, a couple years later, another officer was found to be the true culprit. That man was acquitted. The story became public, with Émile Zola writing a scathing article that divided France on the issue. In essence, the Dreyfus Affair came to symbolize antisemitism in the French military and a stark division between the left and right in French politics and society. Therefore, comparing Christopher to Dreyfus places Christopher in a position as a disrupter. Christopher wedges himself between the antiquated world of the pre-20th century and the modern, post-War world. Later, in No More Parades, Christopher is accused of being a French spy. Aside from the Dreyfus allusion, Chapter 4 introduces Valentine Wannop, who represents the chaste, modern woman who fights for women’s rights. The idea of women’s suffrage, along with other aspects of early feminism, reveal themselves throughout the novel. Like Christopher, Valentine is also wedged between two worlds. As a member of the growing middle classes, she has seen both poverty and opulence.
Finally, Chapter 6 further establishes Valentine as a symbol for women’s rights through her reactions to Christopher’s chivalric gestures. Although Christopher does not intentionally act chivalric, these scenes show how aware Valentine is of the sort of a position Christopher could place her in. As is hinted throughout the novel, and supported with historical evidence, it was not uncommon for aristocratic men to take sexual advantage of women of lower classes. Valentine alludes to having witnessed such behavior in several places.
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