54 pages • 1 hour read
Jack KerouacA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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Sal Paradise (based on Kerouac) is a young writer living in New York City in 1947. He recently divorced and has recovered from an illness. Like many of the East Coast intellectuals he knows, Sal is weary of his traditional academic and occupational pursuits. He’s bored and sad until a friend, Chad King, introduces him to Dean Moriarty (who has just arrived in the city). Years earlier, Sal heard of Dean, a “young jailkid shrouded in mystery” (4) and was keen to meet him. Dean spent much of his youth in a reform school but recently married a young woman named Marylou and brought her from Denver to visit New York for the first time. Dean’s primary focus in life is sex, but he tells Marylou that they need to focus on their work and life plans. Sal and his friends visit Dean and Marylou where they’re staying in New York. Together, they drink beer and smoke cigarettes until dawn. Dean wants to learn how to write, so he asks Sal for guidance. Dean exudes a certain exuberance and everyman authenticity that inspires Sal.
After a fight with Marylou, Dean stays with Sal at Sal’s aunt’s house. Sal listens to Dean talk about high-minded, intellectual topics, but he is sure that neither of them understands what Dean is saying. Sal agrees to let Dean stay with him and they make plans to travel west together.
Marylou leaves Dean and returns to Denver, but Dean stays in New York. Sal knows that Dean is “conning” (5) him for room and board, but he finds Dean so interesting that he doesn’t care. Sal introduces Dean to a young poet, Carlo Marx (based on poet Allen Ginsberg). The two become instant friends and talk incessantly, disappearing for two weeks during their madness-filled conversations about everything and everyone. Sal feels as though an interesting period in his life is about to begin. Dean inspires Sal to start living life more fully, and his newfound urge for new adventure becomes especially acute when Dean travels west ahead of everyone else. Sal promises to follow soon, having grown bored of his circle of dull, intellectual friends in New York. To Sal, Dean represents the quintessential spirit of the West.
With $50 in his pocket and half a book written, Sal begins his journey west. His friend Remi thinks that they can find work on a ship sailing around the Pacific; Sal wants to earn enough to finish his novel. He studies books and maps, planning to travel along Route 6 from Cape Cod to Los Angeles. The first step of his journey is hitchhiking to Bear Mountain, where he arrives in the pouring rain. He soon learns how impractical such a trip will be when no other cars pass by to pick him up, and he starts to regret his decision until a man and two women drive past and offer him a lift. The man recommends a different route. Sal knows he is right and returns to New York to begin again. Unhappy at his lack of progress, he spends most of his money on a bus ticket to Chicago.
Sal spends a day in Chicago, walking the streets and listening to jazz. Next, he rides a bus to Joliet, Illinois and then hitches a ride to Davenport, Iowa. In Iowa, he sees the Mississippi River for the first time, a sight he has dreamt about for many years. Camped out at a picturesque but deserted crossroads, Sal notices that the sun is setting. He goes to a gas station and is lucky to find a truck driver willing to take him west. The truck’s cab is high up and loud. Sal enjoys his experience with the trucker. When he switches to a new truck in Iowa City, the next driver is just like the last. Sal is thankful that he’s making such rapid progress west. When the truck driver drops him off in Des Moines, he searches for a room in a youth hostel but can only find a bed in a dingy hotel next to the railway. Sal sleeps all day and still feels exhausted when he wakes up at sunset, almost forgetting where he is and why he is there.
While traveling, Sal eats nothing but ice cream and apple pie. Everywhere he looks in Des Moines, he sees beautiful women. However, he’s in a rush to continue his journey to Denver. While hitchhiking, he meets a young man from New York named Eddie. They hitchhike together, and Sal discovers that Eddie is an alcoholic. When they get stuck in a town, they enter a bar and Eddie gets drunk. They try to find anyone to give them a lift, but Sal eventually pays for them both to take a bus to Omaha, where they resume hitchhiking. One man who gives them a lift tells them that he used to jump onto freight trains when he was young. They stop in a diner and Sal is fascinated by one of the customers, a large, laughing farmer whom he thinks encapsulates the spirit of the American West. When Sal and Eddie get stuck in a storm in Shelton, Sal lends Eddie a shirt. They turn down a job working for the carnival, but the idea makes them laugh. When they hitchhike again, a passing car only has room for one person. Silently, Eddie takes the spot and leaves Sal behind.
Now alone, Sal catches a ride on a flatbed truck with two happy young farmers traveling to Los Angeles. Sal considers this perhaps “the greatest ride in [his] life” (17), as the two young Minnesotan farmers pick up everyone they spot and fill up their truck with memorable people. Sal recalls two North Dakotan farm boys, two city boys, the strange Montana Slim, a kind homeless man named Mississippi Gene, and a quiet young man who is traveling with Gene. Sal likes the new group and shares his cigarettes with them. The farmers stop only to buy food or use the restroom. After a while, the people pool their money and buy a bottle of whiskey. Their journey takes them from the farmlands into the plains. Sal has never seen this sort of scenery. Montana Slim needs to urinate, but the farmers refuse to stop, forcing the passenger to urinate over the side of the moving truck. The farmers swerve the vehicle, and Montana Slim is covered in his own urine. Everyone laughs except him. Sal feels the alcohol take effect. He stares up at the stars as the truck pulls into Cheyenne, where Sal and Montana Slim exit. The truck drives away.
Sal and Montana Slim visit bars in Cheyenne. Sal finds a Mexican restaurant worker attractive, but she gently declines his advances. At the next bar, Sal and Montana meet two less attractive girls. Sal spends almost all his money on drinks to sleep with one of the girls but is rejected again. Later, he falls asleep in the bus station. When he wakes up, he’s alone and decides to resume his journey. Even though he has a bad hangover, he hitchhikes, and he feels better as he arrives in Longmont, Colorado. He sleeps for a short while on a grassy patch beside a gas station where he can see the Rocky Mountains in the distance. Because he’s so close to Denver, he feels increasingly excited. He hitchhikes once more and arrives at his destination.
The opening chapters of On the Road show the key moment of change in Sal Paradise’s life. His early life is dull and boring; he’s recently divorced and has recovered from an illness but sees no value in discussing these mundane events, which might define the lives of other people. However, his early life provides a point of contrast with what comes next. Sal’s life can be broken into two distinct periods: before and after he meets Dean Moriarty. Dean’s exuberance and ability to delight in everything charges Sal with a newfound energy that gives substance to his existence. Dean personifies the sense of adventure that Sal believes exists in the American West. Whereas the East is stale, boring, and old, the West is full of passion, excitement, and the unknown. The contrast between the East and the West, the old and the new, and before and after Dean Moriarty become the main catalyst for Sal’s adventures.
These early chapters reveal Sal as an observant but somewhat naive admirer of Dean. Although Sal is the story’s narrator, Dean is the principal character. He embodies everything that Sal finds exciting in a person, including a flair for criminality. Sal describes his new friend as a “conman” but doesn’t do so in a pejorative fashion. In fact, admiration and appreciation infuse Sal’s description of Dean’s criminality. Embedded in this admiration, however, is naiveté. Sal sees Dean commit crimes and ruin friendships but never expects that he will be on the wrong end of Dean’s behavior.
Sal describes America in elaborate prose that reflects the indulgence of his newfound adventures. He’s excited to get out of New York and explore the rest of the country. This excitement can barely fit into short, concise sentences, so Sal’s descriptions have a constant rolling quality as he travels through the vast, empty landscapes. As Sal’s sense of boundless wonder spreads to his writing style, the short, sharp descriptions of Dean and his friends turn into long, flowing passages in which he paints a portrait of the fascinating world he sees through bus and car windows, zooming in on details and back out to landscapes. For all his grandiose descriptions of geography and other people, however, Sal is quite reserved in describing himself. He’s modest about his accomplishments and often self-deprecating about his behavior. This modesty adds to the narration’s naiveté in that every new discovery seems to overwhelm and delight him. He portrays himself as an empty vessel filled with brilliant, delirious, memorable experiences.
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By Jack Kerouac